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The achievement of high shear strength in the PSFC beams in this study suggests a minimum amount fiber volume less than 0.75 % is feasible for replacing traditional shear reinforcement in PC members.
Since this is not the case for the composite concrete/CFS section, the applicability of Eq. (4) to the beams in this study needed to be verified against the experimentally measured I e.
Besides, specifications in AS 2327.1 and provisions in AISC 360 neglecting the reduction factor could be used to estimate the initial stiffness of composite beams in this study by using cracked moment of inertia.
The proposed variational analysis was compared with the existing least-work solutions and two experimental tests of rectangular box girders in the literature and one of tests of steel box beams in this study.
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The ultimate load of the proposed composite beam in this study is higher than the traditional RC beam in this study, and the ultimate load is governed by the encased I-beam.
The hybrid beam, in this study, consists of a number of layers of anisotropic fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and a layer of isotropic steel sheet.
However, no such prepeak was found in the bone layer, which confirms that no oxygen gas was produced by reduction by the electron beam in this study.
In addition to the six beams tested in this study, another three beams were collected from the literature for the purpose of finite element validation.
Compared with conventional steel-concrete composite beams consisting of wide flange girders and headed shear stud connectors (or short channel connectors), the composite beams considered in this study have favorable flexural performance while reducing the excessive costs and potential construction challenges due to installation of the stud and/or channel shear connectors.
Figure 2b shows a comparison of the percentage depth dose (PDD) for the radiation beams used in this study.
Figure 2a shows a comparison of the low-energy photon spectra for the beams used in this study.
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