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In this paper, the discontinuity in a Timoshenko beam is modeled with high-order parameters and then these parameters are identified by using reflection coefficients at the discontinuity.
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The dynamics of the beam are modelled with a second-order non-linear ordinary-differential equation.
The beams are modeled with realistic cross-sectional geometry and material properties instead of a simplified model.
To simulate the structural responses of the specimens with severe geometric and material nonlinearity, a component-based joint model was proposed and incorporated into macromodel-based finite element analysis in which beams were modeled with fiber elements.
The P-d behavior of all beams was modeled with advanced 3D Finite Elements (FE) that enabled further analytical investigation of the observed modes of failures and patch repair effects.
To facilitate the analysis, the beam is modelled by Duffing's equation with a negative linear stiffness.
The interaction between the beam and the connector pin is modeled with a preload and a penalty stiffness.
The element is based on the conventional Timoshenko beam theory, and the section behavior is modeled with the well-known fiber section approach, where the section is divided into steel fibers and concrete fibers.
The timber columns and beam were modeled in OpenSees as elasticBeamColumn element, with the corresponding area and moment of inertia computed from the sectional properties.
The reinforcing steel is modeled with 2-noded beam element.
Steel reinforcement is modeled with truss and beam elements which are considered embedded inside the hexahedral concrete mesh.
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