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The ion beam is formed using a diode with self-magnetic insulation.
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A repetitively pulsed macroparticle-free high intensity aluminum ion beam was formed using a plasma immersion ion extraction combined with ion beam focusing.
The difference beams are formed using the look direction to guarantee the linearity of the monopulse ratios near the pattern look direction.
Mimicking conventional steel construction the major-axis beam-to-column joints are formed using pultruded FRP web cleats having steel bolting.
First, lead electrodes and pads were formed using photolithography, electron beam (e-beam) evaporation, and liftoff to form Ti/Pd (10 nm/50 nm) contacts.
The thin films were formed using the electron beam evaporation method, on the Ti6Al4V surface.
The Al back contact with 2,000-nm 2,000-nms was formed using an electhickness evaporator (Edwasds Auto 306 Turbo, Sanborn, NY, USA).
Ions were formed using a pulsed UV laser (λ = 337 nm) beam.
Here the elliptical Gaussian illumination beam was formed by a cylindrical Galilean beam expander.
Traditional Doppler beam steering radar, in which transmitter and receiving beams are formed and used to measure radial velocities in a number of look directions, is rare at MF and lower HF because of the physically large array size needed to obtain the relatively narrow beams needed for the technique at these wavelengths.
Using conventional beamforming, 225 beams are formed uniformly spanning −90° to 90°, and the output result is given in Figures1.
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