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A cylindrical focusing electrode is used to overcome the beam expansion inside the device due to space-charge forces, beam emittance, etc.
We spatially expand the laser beam with a pair of lenses and use a CCD camera (Grey Point, Chameleon, monochrome) for the image acquisition to filter out the second order spatial modes, we place an almost closed iris after the beam expansion to only keep the central part of the far-field image which corresponds to the fundamental mode.
A small light-weight breadboard carries a compact frequency doubled Nd YAG pulse laser, an afocal beam expansion optics, a small receiver telescope with spectral and spatial filter arrangements and a sensitive photo-detector.
To match the geometrical conditions of the TEF-T, perpendicular beam injection, where the beam is introduced from the bottom of the target, is difficult because of the long drift space required in front of the target for beam expansion.
It is then verified by simulation that the selected laser source and the designed beam expansion assembly, which are the other main parts of the interferometer, are effective for fabricating the designed grating structures.
Images were typically recorded with a 532 nm dichroic (Di01-R532, Semrock) in the beam path and 2.5× beam expansion onto the camera.
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After applying our proposed filter in the axial measurement of the parametric loudspeaker, a clear frequency dependence from parametric array effect is detected, which exhibits a good match with the well-known theory described by the Gaussian-beam expansion technique.
All concrete beams and expansion joints were scheduled for replacement by steel support structures.
We found that at the same intensity of the laser beam, the plasma expansion during the laser pulse follows different mechanisms: the plasma plume that grows in air follows a radiation-wave model while a detonation-wave model can explain the expansion of the plasma plume induced in water.
It also just entered the furniture market, with brands called Rivet and Stone & Beam, following earlier expansions into lingerie, shoes and handbags, and plus-size fashion.
In this study the partial pressure drops in (1) distribution ducts, (2) branches, (3) beams, (4) due to sudden section expansion between the beam and the compartment channel and (5) in the compartment channel were taken into consideration.
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