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The inter-atomic interactions due to covalent and non-covalent bonds are replaced by beam and spring elements, respectively, in the structural model.
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Through finite element analysis, Timoshenko-beam and spring elements were used in the in situ railway concrete sleeper modeling.
This paper discusses the traceable determination of mechanical parameters of monolithic double bending beam spring elements that are applied as force transducers and load cells in the mass and force metrology.
It is proved that the setup is suitable to classify double bending beam spring elements according to the highest accuracy Class 00 of EN ISO 376.
Our determination of those parameters is based on an interferometric deformation measurement of a loaded binocular shaped double bending beam spring element which is made of the common aluminum alloy AW 2024.
The plastic hinge behavior of the beam and column elements are calibrated through the large set of experimental data by Haselton and Deierlein (2007) and Haselton et al. (2008).
The model consisted of 696 nodes and 2009 beam elements.
d Assembling precast beam and column elements on site.
The behavior of beam column joints is neglected in typical software applications using beam and column elements.
The lattice tower was modelled using either a model made up of solely beam elements or using a model made up of combined beam and truss elements.
The FE-model of the structure involves approximately 8200 elements and 66,300 DOFs, where solid elements (C3D8I) are used for the foundation, the mesh of the floors consists solely of quadrilateral elements (S4) and each of the 16 columns of all floors are modeled with 2-node beam elements (B31).
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