3. Some philosophers restrict their use of the term 'obligation' to refer to those moral reasons that are voluntarily assumed, where 'duties' refers only to non-voluntarily assumed moral reasons.
One concept was that salmon were supernatural beings who voluntarily assumed piscine form each year in order to sacrifice themselves for the benefit of humankind.
For instance, in the religions of some native northwest American tribes, there exists the belief that salmon were supernatural beings who voluntarily assumed piscine form to sacrifice themselves annually for the benefit of mankind.
If the condition of the humble was a choice, voluntarily assumed and practiced, in particular, by those who govern us.
To be most useful, feedback should be voluntarily sought.
As participation is voluntarily, we can assume that only a fraction of all pedestrians shares location information.
It has been argued that the political context, at least as it is in the modern nation-state, fails to meet any of the above conditions, and so it is implausible, if one accepts voluntarism and the claim that all voluntarily assumed obligations are contractual in nature, to suppose that persons in modern nation-states have special political obligations.
So role obligations, i.e., obligations that we have in virtue of occupying some role (whether or not voluntarily assumed), appear to be special obligations: they are usually owed to some limited class of persons and one acquires them through some actions of one's own or in virtue of one's status, not as a result of intrinsic features of the obligee or of the state of affairs to be promoted.
Is the risk voluntarily assumed or imposed by others?
The disutility associated with infertility was not applied to women who were voluntarily infertile (9%) or who had unwanted pregnancies (14%) as we assumed that no utility would have been lost if those women were to become infertile (conservative assumptions).
