The admixture model was used, allele frequencies were assumed to be correlated, and alleles were assumed to be unlinked (an assumption that is violated by data sets 2 and 4).
Principal components analysis assumes that the sample consists of independent data points, an assumption that is violated by data from species sharing varying degrees of plylogenetic relatedness [ 24, 39].
Though parametric statistics provide robust estimates of selection gradients and other parameters [ 32, 38], these tests may be violated by survival data (live/die), which tend to have non-normally distributed errors [ 39, 40].
We applied an exploratory factor analysis, but since factor analysis makes assumptions about normality and linear correlations that are likely to be violated by the skewed data, we also used the non-parametric Mokken scaling approach.
This assumption may be violated by variations in gamma camera response between data acquisitions taken 24 h apart.
However, space-time scan statistics and current available software do have some limitations and assumptions, which may be violated by the inherent characteristics of provincial abattoir data.
Turning now to the data produced by services, rule (17) can be violated by transform (15) in the case where the service s0writes up data (4) to a level such that: l ( p a ) < l ( d j ).
To test whether the assumption of independence among loci would be violated by including multiple SNPs per gene in the analysis, data from a subset of SNPs (representing one SNP per gene) were also analyzed.
The stable population requirement would also be violated by changes in eligibility criteria over time.
In PGLS models, branch lengths of a phylogeny are used to correct for the non-independence of regression residuals, the basic assumption of ordinary least squares models that is violated by species data.
