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As a result, search queries may be valid indicators of smoking related behaviors.
First, as data were collected online all measures involved self-report, although self-reported data have been shown to be valid indicators of smoking status 25.
Moreover, self-reported oral health measures are significantly associated with clinical dental measures and are considered to be valid indicators of oral health 57– 60.
That is, differences in item p-values may not be valid indicators of DIF if the samples completing each mode of assessment differ in mean level on the measure.
This study provides further analysis of the data from this cross-sectional survey of HIV/AIDS care services at 336 sites in 7 Brazilian states, assesses the degree to which service parameters vary among sites, and determines whether these parameters could be valid indicators of service quality for routine monitoring.
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution was defined by four different variables that have been demonstrated to be valid indicators of exposure [ 16- 19]: modeled NO2-concentration, distance to the nearest main road, traffic flow at the nearest main road and traffic within a 250 m circular buffer.
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The results indicate that all items are valid indicators of the three behaviour tendencies.
First, are the three domains identified in the study (cognitive, affective, and vegetative symptoms) are valid indicators of depressive symptoms in a same-age cohort followed across adolescent years?
In Margetts's ([2005]) study, only four items (A32, A34, A38 and A46) were valid indicators of internalizing behaviour.
In Margetts's ([2005]) study, only four items (A35, A37, A40 and A48) were valid indicators of hyperactivity behaviour.
In Margetts's ([2005]) study, only four items (A31, A41, A42 and A43) were valid indicators of externalizing behaviour that contributed to 95.1% of the variance.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com