The physical and mental component summary scales (PCS and MCS) were reported individually in this study because they are valid estimates of physical and mental health [ 13].
There was a good correlation between ADMS-modeled levels and monitoring data, suggesting that the modeled values were valid estimates of Cd exposure from the smelter; however, we found that the model underestimated concentrations.
In these analyses, associations between hormone levels and both phthalate levels and the interaction variable were generally nonsignificant, suggesting that estimates for boys and girls combined were valid estimates of effect and that the differences in estimates that we observed between boys and girls were generally consistent with random variation.
This observation prompted us to address the question if the negative AP values are valid estimates for the reduction of risk (Additional file 8: Figure S4A-D).
In healthly humans, however, the apparent SID and the effective SID are nearly identical, and are thus valid estimates of SID [ 24].
On the basis of the assumption that estimates of odd ratios (ORs) from case-control studies and risk, rate, and hazard ratios from cohort studies were all valid estimates of the RR, we therefore report all results as the RR for simplicity.
The group estimate of the MIDAS score was found to be a valid estimate of a rigorous diary-based measure of disability.
ESPRIT algorithm, which takes advantage of the rotational invariance property of the uniform linear array (ULA), can be valid to estimate direction of arrivals (DOAs) uniquely only if the number of calibrated receiving antennae is more than the number of sources and all single path signals follow distinct direction to the receiving end [5].
Regarding the interpretation of r, most authors recognize that a minimum of three studies is needed for r to be a valid estimate of the population effect size Rho [ 37].
Because the strength of this association will determine whether interventions are likely to cause good or harm, it is crucial that valid estimates of this association are available, particularly at lower arsenic exposure levels.
