The following soil properties are used for sand to represent its resistance in both the lateral and axial directions: angle of internal friction ϕ (evaluated from the laboratory experiments), Poisson's ratio ν (a typical value of 0.3 is used), ultimate skin friction τ f (evaluated from Tomlinson's equation), ultimate tip resistance Q f, and shear modulus G i (Kulhawy and Mayne 1990).
Traditional carving implements included adzes, mauls, wedges, chisels, drills, and curved knives, all made of stone; sharkskin was used for sanding or polishing wooden items.
The hopper-attached belt-wagon (HAB) system is a conceptual design system to be used for oil sands transportation on a surface mine site.
A threshold of equivalent plastic shear strain has been quantified to determine the onset of sand production in perforated wells; this threshold can be used for field application of sand production analysis on similar sand material.
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Conventionally, there exist two methods for separation of bitumen from oil sands, the hot water separation method (Fan and Bai 2015; Ren 2011) that can only be used for water-wet oil sands (Zhao et al. 2014) and the solvent extraction method that can be used to process oil-wet oil sands, but it requires high treatment costs and can result in environmental pollution.
A site with available, useful and relatively clean sand is attractive for excavation by a sand mining company and the sand could be used for infrastructure projects such as bridge or road construction.
Among the materials that can be used for tonal areas are sawdust, sand, carborundum, sandpaper, and ground walnut shells.
The column experimental data were well described by the Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model, suggesting the model can be used for the design of GO-sand filters in large-scale applications.
