Additional studies showed that miR146a expression is upregulated in thyroid cancer and breast cancer in contrast to pancreatic cancer and gastric cancer in which the expression of this miR is downregulated [ 18].
MicroRNA-187 was upregulated in both OSCC and PSCC, and has also been found to be upregulated in other malignant tumours, for example, thyroid cancer (Nikiforova et al, 2008).
In addition, the expression of Plk1 was found to be upregulated in a variety of cancers, including ovarian, bladder, gastric, breast, colon, head and neck, esophageal, thyroid cancers, melanomas and gliomas.
HuR was found to be upregulated in almost all malignancies tested, including carcinomas originating in the breast, colon, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, prostate, lung, thyroid, etc [ 12].
TRF1 expression seems to be upregulated in the G2/M phase.
Ubiquitin pathway genes tend to be upregulated in cancer mediated by diverse mechanisms.
In addition, it has recently been demonstrated that AMPK is upregulated in human papillary thyroid cancers [ 40].
For instance, while Cav-1 downregulation is typical for ovarian, lung, and mammary carcinomas, it is upregulated in bladder, esophagus, thyroid and prostate carcinomas [ 13].
GSEA analysis on the thyroid-looking kidney samples vs. the kidney samples in the kidney cluster reveals that gene sets related to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrion are upregulated in this subset of thyroid-looking kidney tumors (see Additional File 5).
umod probably locates to the wound epithelium as it is upregulated in apical skin cells during thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis of axolotl epidermis (unpublished data).
