Both miR-221 and 222 have shown to be upregulated in multiple cancers including glioblastoma, linked to promoting proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN, p27 and p57 [29]–[31].
Similarly, CA XII expression has been observed to be upregulated in multiple tumor tissues but it has not been established as a prognostic marker [ 74– 74].
Fyn is reported to be upregulated in multiple cancers, and to be associated with malignant progression and metastasis formation (Posadas et al, 2009; Chen et al, 2010; Saito et al, 2010).
First, given that STI-1 was found to be upregulated in multiple distinct cell types, including neurons, glia and even endothelial cells, the mechanism by which ischemia upregulated STI-1 can probably be generalized to different tissues and organ parts, rather than being cell-type specific.
It has been found to be upregulated in multiple cancer types in humans, such as HCC (Li et al, 2010), breast cancer (Lehmann et al, 2010), colorectal cancer (Earle et al, 2010), bladder cancer (Yoshino et al, 2013), myelomonocytic leukemia (Liu et al, 2013), and prostate cancer (Ueno et al, 2013), and was therefore considered to be an oncogene.
Bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9), an epigenetic "reader" of acetylated lysines on post-translationally modified histone proteins, is upregulated in multiple cancer cell lines.
Using a whole-genome microarray approach, Fischer et al. found that several mitochondrial genes involved in inducing oxidative stress were upregulated in multiple sclerosis patients [67].
Thus, for example, SULF1 is upregulated in significant subsets of breast cancer [38], pancreatic cancer [31], [39] (Table 1) lung adenocarcinoma [40] and hepatocellular carcinoma [30], while SULF2 is upregulated in multiple myeloma [32], breast cancer and CNS cancers [41].
Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that is absent from most normal epithelia yet is upregulated in multiple forms of human carcinoma, where its expression correlates clinically with a poor prognosis.
We observed that some genes were upregulated in multiple abiotic stress conditions and we named them as "master genes".
MIF is upregulated in multiple human cancers including breast cancer, 16 prostate cancer, 17 and nonsmall cell lung cancer.
