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Interestingly, RNF5 has also been shown to be upregulated in brain (Substantia Nigra) from Parkinson Disease patients [34], therefore pointing to a possible broader role of this E3 ligase in degenerative disorders.
Previous studies suggested paucity of SLAM expression in brains of uninfected dogs but that SLAM expression might be upregulated in brain of dogs with distemper [ 42].
In contrast, expression of the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 was found to be upregulated in brain endothelial cells in a mouse model of EAE (Alt et al., 2002) and in multiple sclerosis lesions (Krumbholz et al., 2007), but their involvement in leucocyte migration across the blood brain barrier during neuroinflammation remains to be shown.
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Oxidative stress-related genes were upregulated in brain tissues of AgNP-treated mice, including the caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, and hippocampus [23].
We here show that ROS of mitochondrial origin are upregulated in brain tissue of Nrf2-KO mice.
In addition, miR-34a expression is upregulated in brain tissue, blood mononuclear cells, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), of Alzheimer's disease patients.
ICAM1 is a cytokine-inducible endothelial receptor normally involved in leucocyte rolling before firm endothelial adhesion, and is upregulated in brain vessels in fatal paediatric cerebral malaria (Brown et al., 2001; Armah et al., 2005).
Edema and glioma progression have been also correlated with altered expression of different isoforms of aquaporins (AQPs), a family of water channels of the plasma membrane [ 84], which are upregulated in brain cancer [ 85– 85].
MMP-2 and −9 are upregulated in brains of patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy including in areas far from the acute ICH [ 126, 127].
Because the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is upregulated in brains of AD patients and mice [ 20], we asked for an interrelationship between Ace and stress.
Interestingly, NGF is upregulated in brains of AD patients (Fahnestock et al., 2001) and in cerebrospinal fluid (Hock et al., 2000), while the high-affinity NGF receptor trkA is downregulated (Mufson et al., 2002; Counts et al., 2004).
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com