They revealed that expression of CTGF is upregulated in advanced stages of melanoma progression compared with melanocytes, which is in line with our studies.
The region at 5p13 showing copy gain harbours the F-box protein SKP2, which is upregulated in advanced PCa (Dhanasekaran et al, 2001) and was found to induce PCa in a transgenic mouse model (Shim et al, 2003).
We found that expression of FGFR1, WT1, and, to a lesser extent, TACC1 protein is upregulated in advanced stages (pT3 and/or N1/M1) of prostate cancer, whereas MART1 is mainly expressed in localized (pT2) stage prostate cancer.
Studies have shown that MEK4 is a key tyrosine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in advanced human and mouse prostate cancer progression [ 145] and can increase invasion of breast and pancreatic cells [ 146].
14 15 However, some reports have demonstrated that CEACAM1 protein expression is upregulated in advanced adenocarcinomas, 23 24 and that the intensity of CEACAM1 protein expression is correlated with TNM stage 24 but is not significantly correlated with either overall survival or disease-free survival.
miR-1183 was previously reported to be downregulated in tick salivary glands [ 41], while another study reported that it has a relationship with a functional polymorphism in the EpCAM gene [ 42]. miR-1183 is also known to be upregulated in locally advanced rectal cancer patients [ 43].
Expression of various matrix metalloproteinases has been found to be upregulated in virtually every type of human cancer, and this upregulation correlates with advanced stage, invasive and metastatic properties, and poor prognosis in general [ 113].
We divided the patients into earlier stages (stages I and II) and more advanced stages (stages III and IV) for correlation analysis with circadian clock gene expression and found that CRY1 expression was upregulated in more advanced cancer stages (p < 0.05).
We have previously reported that paxillin (PXN) was mutated, amplified, and overexpressed in a significant number of lung cancer patient samples, that PXN protein was upregulated in more advanced stages of lung cancer compared with lower stages, and that the PXN gene was also amplified in some pre-neoplastic lung lesions.
In patients suffering from multiple myeloma activin A was upregulated in patients with advanced disease and the levels correlated with presence of bone disease [ 5, 6].
