While a number of studies have explored the factors associated with dog ownership among communities in developed countries [ 8, 28- 31], few equivalent studies have been undertaken in developing economies.
No such initiative has been undertaken in developing countries.
In this regard, several studies have also shown that EF can be improved with training (Blair & Diamond, 2008; Diamond et al., 2007; Diamond & Lee, 2011; Rosário et al. 2007b), but such studies remain limited in number and are geographically concentrated in North America and Europe; few such studies have been undertaken in developing countries.
While some studies have been undertaken in developing countries [ 7, 8], knowledge from these settings is particularly thin.
How relevant is the research effort being undertaken in developing countries, and how is the agenda being driven?
As has been noted, [c]urrently, little information is available to ascertain what types of research are actually being undertaken in developing countries, how much work is being done, the benefits that studies presently offer communities, and whether research addresses the needs of developing countries, developed countries, or both [ 15].
In developing countries, approximately 68 000 to 84 000 adolescents start smoking every day, which accounts for 80% of all adolescents taking up smoking daily across the world. 1 To prevent adolescents' use of tobacco, various initiatives have been undertaken in developing countries.
A series of studies was undertaken in developing countries to examine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical symptoms and signs of pneumonia: these included a history of cough or breathlessness, inability to feed, raised respiratory rate, lower chest wall indrawing, fever, and tachycardia [ 8– 12] (Table 1).
Since the release of the Institute of Medicine report 'To Err is Human', 1 extensive patient safety studies have been undertaken in developed countries.
There is still much work to be undertaken in further developing both the controlled vocabularies and accompanying tools.
