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Van Valen [17] and Andersson [18] argued that species can be understood as groups of individuals occupying the same niche or adaptive zone.
Communities can be understood as groups of vertices with the property that the number of edges running within groups is larger than expected by chance and that the number of edges running between groups is lower than expected by chance [37].
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A multiagent system can be understood as group of agents that interact with each other besides perceiving and acting in the environment they are situated.
On the other hand, Roberts (2011) criticizes the idea that structure can be understood as group structure in the context of quantum physics.
Clustering should be understood as grouping objects such that the objects in the same group or cluster are more similar to each other than to other objects.
In general, modules are understood as groups of densely interconnected nodes that are only sparsely connected with the rest of the network.
Ōhashi Ryōsuke's thesis, advanced already in his landmark German anthology, Die Philosophie der Kyōto-Schule (1990, revised edition 2012), is that the Kyoto School should be understood as a group of thinkers involved in a pluralistic yet cooperative and sustained attempt to think on the basis of an idea of "nothingness" or "absolute nothingness".
The referent of 'those', in both the first and second clauses, could be understood as picking out groups of specific individuals (a set of proper names), or group statistical aggregates (the top or bottom quintile).
The third points to the need to move beyond what is by definition a notion of individual moral blameworthiness and to figure out how groups might be understood as morally blameworthy qua groups.
The globalising working and citizen life signals a need to extend the concept of learning to be understood as a characteristic of groups, communities, and cultures.
If we can cluster individuals into more or less homogeneously behaving groups based on their daily patterns [24], then the aggregate pattern can be understood as the combination of the group patterns, and the group that has more individuals dominates the aggregate daily rhythm.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com