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A comparison between the PAML, DataMonkey, and Selecton results gave no consensus of any sites adjudged to be under strong adaptive selection with high probabilities.
Indeed, the 16 gene duplicates were not members of any major known lethal toxin gene families, and so the venom is unlikely to be under strong adaptive (i.e., positive) evolutionary pressure, thereby producing venom of low potency [ 29].
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The BX3, BX5 and BX4 clades in our phylogeny are under strong adaptive evolution and some sites are under positive selection.
These data indicate that both proteins are under strong purifying selection and, therefore, they must maintain some function, perhaps related to their original enzymatic activity, and that they are not on the process of becoming pseudogenes or are under strong adaptive selection.
This would imply that on average these sites would be under strong negative selection most of the time alternating with punctual episodic adaptive evolution, which would be unlikely to be detected by actual selection methods.
The EF1α gene is recognised to be under strong purifying selective constraints and is not a good candidate for short term adaptive evolution.
Further, Gonzalez-Voyer et al. [ 42] demonstrated in Tanganyikan cichlids that even strongly correlated traits, such as brain and body size, can evolve independently from each other, and that body size may be under stronger selection than brain size during adaptive radiation.
On the other hand, with the exception of genes that are highly conserved or consistently under strong adaptive or balancing selection, these issues may be less significant for loci mined from transcriptomes.
After ASPM and microcephalin, Cernunnos-XLF is the third identified microcephaly-associated locus under strong adaptive evolution in humans and possibly played a role in the expansion of brain size in humans.
We demonstrated that the rbcL gene, encoding the large subunit of Rubisco enzyme, might have been under strong positive selection during recent adaptive radiation in Hawaiian Schiedea.
The success of that work encouraged us to explore here a complementary aspect of CRM evolution that of emergence of a new CRM under strong adaptive forces.
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