The rarity and the positions of non-synonymous replacements in BvgA strongly indicate that the protein is under stringent selection.
These may not be residues critical for the substrate uptake and conversion; however, they might be an indication that these codon sites are under less stringent selection and mutations in these codons will have minor or no implication for the tertiary conformation of the CYP71AJ enzymes.
However, for most promoter subfamilies, the gene blocks have duplicated too recently to be able to detect block subsequences that are under more stringent selection.
Our approach can of course be extended to all routinely recorded phenotypes, but for a proof of principle we restricted our analyses to PY as this trait was under most stringent selection over the last couple of decades and the bulls were selectively genotyped for PY to increase power for the whole genome association study.
Gerbera B-clade protein dimers GGLO1/GDEF2 and GGLO1/GDEF1 selected under milder conditions exhibited similar autoactivation, but ternary complexes containing either Gerbera B-clade protein dimer and activating under stringent selection were scored as true positives.
As a result, the state of an organism at high age is under less stringent selection than the state of the organism at low age, which promotes the evolution of 'senescence', the deterioration of the state of an organism over ages, which negatively affects 'vital rates' mortality and fecundity (Medawar 1952; Williams 1957; Hamilton 1966).
Our results, however, showed that the number of positively selected sites was generally small, and most of sites were under stringent or relaxed purifying selection (Table 5, Fig. S5).
Thus, constraints from pleiotropy on adaptation also occur under stringent selection in the presence of both antibiotics, but they are not so strong as to prevent the evolution of resistance to either antibiotic.
The B-1a repertoire, however, continues to evolve under stringent selection.
Importantly, this cycling pathway is under stringent regulation by the cell redox state.
