Thus, behavioral traits are under opposing selection in conspecific versus heterospecific dominate populations.
Seed shattering is thus under opposing selection in crops and weeds inhabiting agricultural complexes.
Hence, if resource allocation into current and future reproduction is under opposing directional selection in males and females, and a subset of the genes coding for this trait is sex-limited in expression, inbreeding could decrease female lifespan while increasing male lifespan.
However, if there is gene flow, opposing selection pressures can be applied to different populations and still slow adaptation.
Nevertheless, most pairs of genetically integrated traits could be successfully disentangled when opposing selection was applied to break them apart.
Given the dramatic changes associated with metamorphosis, selection could differ before and after metamorphosis, and opposing selection might be more common than complimentary selection [ 5, 6].
This pattern of multilevel selection, with opposing selection on group-level vs. individual traits (Fig. 2B), is supported by the outcome of artificial selection.
They interpret these data as indicating that many AID risk loci could be under balancing selection and that variants that have opposing effects on different AIDs might contribute to the maintenance of common susceptibility alleles in human populations.
Protein domains are also evolving under directional selection, but appear to be under stronger purifying selection than non-domain regions.
However, this molecular drive will be opposed by selection for genome functions, especially optimal protein coding.
