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These data suggest that 5'NCR sequences may be under greater selective constraint, and it is known that this region contains RNA structure elements that are critical for viral replication and translation [32].
However, those phages that are lytic will be under greater selective pressure than plasmids.
Thus, female-biased genes are expected to be under greater selective constraint than male-biased genes, likely contributing to their slower evolution.
If non-synonymous SNPs are considered to be under greater selective constraint, then these findings are suggestive of either greater constraint in Indian-origin animals (seemingly unlikely) or a recent population expansion in these Indian animals when compared to the Chinese animals.
This model for transcriptional regulation predicts that strong and functional TF binding will be under greater selective pressure, and thus the protein-DNA contact itself should be preferentially maintained during evolution particularly in closely related species and possibly by positive selection (He et al., 2011a).
Our results are further sustained by the fact that highly expressed genes may be under greater selective constraints than lowly expressed genes, based on the negative correlation between d N, ω, expression level and expression breadth in both P. glauca and P. abies (supplementary tables S1 and S2, Supplementary Material online).
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Collectively, these three analyses allow us to firmly conclude that metabolic genes are under greater selective constraint than are arbitrary orthologous genes from these genomes.
The majority of the tRNA mutations were concentrated in the stem region that is under greater selective constraints than loop structures [ 58].
Thus, long genes appear most influenced by their expression level, and are under greater selective pressure on codon usage when highly transcribed.
Moreover Z –test of selection suggested both ABS and PSS were under great selective pressure.
It is important to recognize that we focused on epitopes known from prior work to be subject to rapid escape; other CD8+ T-lymphocyte epitopes within these same individuals showed more gradual escape [9], [3], [4], [5] and may be under greater fitness constraints, less intense immune selective pressures, or both (Ferrari, et al. 2010, submitted).
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