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Among those, genes related with keratinization and epidermis formation (D-H-θ test) have been reported to be under adaptive pressures in human and primates, they act as a physical barrier defense vis a vis the external environment [ 29- 31].
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In our previous study, we demonstrated that tlr22 genes from several teleost taxa (Cyprinidae, Gasterosteidae, Salmonidae, Adrianichthyidae, Tetraodontidae) are under adaptive selection pressure [ 11].
In most cases, the catalytic and binding centres are not changed, but mutations under adaptive pressure of temperature are changing the stability, the barriers of activation energy as well as the accessibility of the catalytic cleft through conformational changes in the structure [ 12].
Indeed, the 16 gene duplicates were not members of any major known lethal toxin gene families, and so the venom is unlikely to be under strong adaptive (i.e., positive) evolutionary pressure, thereby producing venom of low potency [ 29].
To be under pressure?
The evolution of ST93 S. aureus is thus associated with a reduction in both exotoxin expression and oxacillin MIC, suggesting MRSA ST93 isolates are under pressure for adaptive change.
To that effect, we initially selected three different reference gene sets that, according to the literature (Serra et al. 2011), and to our own results, are examples of evolution under different adaptive pressures in the chimpanzee lineage.
"A&E is under severe pressures.
The G protein is under evolutionary pressure due to the host population adaptive immune response to this immunogenic region [45], [63] [66].
Employers are under intense competitive pressures.
They are under unbelievable pressure".
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