In some cases suffering may be unambiguously present and understood by non-verbal communication.
When excluding the smallest database, Macrostomum lignano, for which only 1,231 cDNA fragments were available, we obtained 43 genes that were unambiguously present in all remaining taxa and conserved enough to allow alignment.
It should be emphasized that the progressive decrease of delta power across sleep cycles, predicted by the two-process model of sleep regulation, was unambiguously present in all the recordings, although it was slightly more clear-cut in the scalp than in the deep brain derivations.
Responses were collapsed into those where both raters stated that the behaviour was unambiguously present, for example, coded 'Yes asked directly'.
In adult turtles, only the intercentrum of the atlas is unambiguously present and only the pleurocentra form the bodies ("centra") of all other vertebrae (Gaffney, 1990).
Because of these issues a conservative approach was taken whereby the predictive algorithms were run only on variation where the mutated amino acid was unambiguously present and conserved in humans.
In an attempt to overcome this circularity, we have previously tested TMS/EEG measures in states in which consciousness is unambiguously present [alert wakefulness (Massimini et al., 2005), dreaming (Massimini et al., 2010)] or unambiguously reduced [early slow wave sleep (Massimini et al., 2005), general anaesthesia (Ferrarelli et al., 2010)].
Profiling studies in brain indicate that Cx subtypes are differentially localized to glia and neurones thus Cx36 and Cx45 are unambiguously present in neurones (Condorelli et al. 1998; Maxeiner et al. 2003; Hombach et al. 2004) whereas Cx43 and Cx30 are widely present in astrocytes (Theis et al. 2005).
Additional markers were obtained from the tuber expression data set, in cases where both cy3 and cy5 hybridization signals could be unambiguously scored as present or absent.
This venom apparently represents a hybrid strategy optimized for frogs and small mammals, but the contributions of most components cannot be unambiguously assessed at present.
