Glycosylation is used as a form of protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum, the folding location of most secreted and integral membrane proteins [ 11], and this modification can act as a signal for misfolded proteins to be translocated to the cytosol for degradation.
By this scenario, a transient pore is made in the membrane, and this may be important for misfolded proteins in the ER lumen to be translocated to the cytoplasm for proteasomal degradation.
Importantly, our findings indicate that in Entamoeba, PAPS, a metabolite synthesized through the mitosomal pathway, needs to be translocated to the cytosol for the production of sulfolipids.
In supramolecular systems, for accurate translocation to take place, the ion to be translocated should be more kinetically available for intramolecular motion than the bulk ion.
However, activated ERK1/2 is translocated from the scaffold to, for example, the nucleus, where it phosphorylates its substrates.
To be available for FA synthesis, malate can then either be translocated into the plastid in exchange for phosphate [ 56, 57] where it can be converted to pyruvate by malic enzyme, or cytosolic conversion of malate by malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase yields phosphoenolpyruvate which can be transported into the plastid by the phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator.
After their biosynthesis, the monomers of lignin (i.e., p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols according to plant species) have to be translocated to the cell wall for the next oxidation step of lignin biosynthesis.
The peak of this QTL was associated with a group of several tightly linked SSR markers and the marker for Yr17 that was translocated from chromosome 2N of Triticum ventricosum (2n = 4 × =28; DDNN) in Jagger [ 52, 60].
As the vesicles are acidified, the IgGs and HSA bind FcRn, which allows them to be translocated back to the cell surface for recycling back into the circulation, while non-FcRn-bound proteins are targeted for lysosomal degradation.
