Consequently, UGT generated glucuronides, like estradiol-17β-glucuronide, have to be translocated back into the cytoplasm to reach their site of excretion.
Given the proper signals for these HDAs to be translocated back into the nucleus, dephosphorylated, and activated as a histone deacetylase, they may bind to MADS-box type II transcription factors which are the plant homologues of MEF2 [ 40].
These protons are translocated back from the cytosol to the mitochondria by the ATP synthase activity, with concomitant ATP production.
In the flip-flop model, a protonated fatty acid crosses the mitochondrial inner membrane into the matrix, dissociates, and the fatty acid anion is translocated back out of the matrix by the protein.
Many transferred genes acquired promoters from their eukaryotic hosts [ 1], and most proteins expressed by these functional transferred genes were eventually translocated back to their organelle, guided by targeting peptides [ 4, 5].
It has been reported, perhaps for the first time, that the CuO nanoparticles were transported to the shoots and translocated back to the roots via phloem.
In Tat-treated cells the DAG probe remained recruited at the plasma membrane for up to 8 min and subsequently slowly translocated back to the cytoplasm (not shown).
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is synthesized in the MAM (Hayashi et al, 2009); it then translocates to mitochondria, where it is converted to phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn); PtdEtn then translocates back to the MAM, where it is methylated (by PEMT) (Vance, 2008) to generate phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho).
What happens to Nrf2 next remains to be determined in more detail; however, Nrf2 can either be degraded in the nucleus via the β-TrCP GSK3β axis or alternatively it may translocate back to the cytoplasm where it is swiftly degraded by Keap1 [ 12, 13].
However, in L1s starved for two days or more, we found that DAF-16a::GFP translocates back to the cytoplasm and was distinctly excluded from the nucleus in over 70% of larvae.
