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The sliding mode controller design problem is formulated as a trajectory tracking problem, where, the reference trajectory to be tracked is defined by spin simulation.
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The radius of confinement (rconf) of a track is defined to be the magnitude of the radius of the smallest circle that encloses all points in that track.
Once the individual tracks are defined, the panbiogeographic method determines the spatial congruence of the individual tracks in order to delimit generalized tracks representing general patterns of distribution.
Seed regions for tracking were defined based on the SMG's underlying cytoarchitecture.
Animals that exhibited a loopy pattern, both normal and looping patterns (≥30% loopy tracks) and normal patterns (<30% loopy tracks) are defined as strong, mild and normal, respectively.
The patellar tracking was defined as neutral if the tilt was ± 5° and the displacement less than 5 mm [ 20].
The tracker detection rate (TDR) is the average number of frames where an object is successfully tracked and is defined by Porikli and Bashir [13] as: TDR = TPF TG, (41).
The amount of tracking error is defined as the percentage of all cells in the dataset where an artificial tracking error was introduced.
Track straightness is defined as the ratio of displacement to track length (Beltman et al., 2009), and smaller ratios reflect more constrained tracks, while straight tracks are characterized by large ratios.
The tracking performance is defined as the case when objects tracking fails due to the collision.
The track straightness is defined as the ratio of displacement to total track length and as a result can range between zero (entirely constrained track) and one (the track is a straight line) (Beltman et al., 2009).
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