Plagiarism is another problem and often can be traced to the sample letters brokers hand out.
The most challenging aspect faced was the need to ensure that each individual amplicon of a given type could be traced to the original sample.
In these cases the common ancestry could be traced to a relatively homogeneous initial sample, which does not evolve until transferred to a new host that, with no doubt, facilitates the identification of a common origin of the outbreaks.
There has been concern that they might be absorbed into the skin, a study published in 2010 found a 0.23% to 1.31% (mean 0.42%) of blood zinc levels in venous blood samples could be traced to zinc from ZnO nanoparticles applied to human skin for 5 days, and traces were also found in urine samples.
The samples cannot be traced to individual patients.
Incongruence among gene trees in mammals, and bats in particular, has been traced to differing taxon samples and poor choices in rooting phylogenies (Van Den Bussche & Hoofer, 2004).
Over the study period, 83,136 abattoir survey samples (63% of all AS samples) and 14,597 fallen stock samples (75% of all FS samples) were traced to 19,904 and 3,834 distinct holdings of birth respectively (Table 1).
One tainted sample was traced to Bruss in Chicago and then to a Farmland plant in Liberal, Kan., said a Farmland spokeswoman.
All of the tainted samples were traced to two Chinese companies that have been named by federal regulators as supplying contaminated wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate to American companies, Mr. Acheson said.
Discrepancies might be further traced to sample preparation: in this study, RNA was extracted from single rib cages from animals at 18.5 days of gestation, whereas the earlier study prepared postnatal rib chondrocytes from newborns between birth and up to 2 days of age.
