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However, methionine is known to be toxic at concentrations five times or more above the advised level we used [37].
Although the JNK inhibitor II was found to be toxic at concentrations 10 μM or higher, it dose dependently inhibited the synergistic induction of cell death by TRAIL and doxorubicin at lower doses.
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All cationic surfactants were toxic at concentrations far below their CMC and showed significant differences in their toxicity toward polarized as compared with non-polarized cells.
Whereas the nonionic, zwitterionic and anionic surfactants showed toxicity at concentrations around their CMC, clearly suggesting that their toxicity is related to destabilization and/or destruction of cell membranes, cationic surfactants were toxic at concentrations well below their CMC, suggesting that their action does not necessarily involve cell membrane disruption.
Selenium ions are toxic at concentrations of >40 ppb (40 μg L−1) which has been a very challenging environmental issue.
However, Lie 120 is toxic at concentrations higher than 5 μM [ 80].
Under this last modality, NP suspensions tended to form aggregates and were toxic at concentrations five- to tenfold higher than in serum-free medium.
With the exception of flufenamic acid, which was toxic at concentrations greater than 100 μM, no inhibitors or inhibitor combinations significantly decreased cell viability.
The compound appeared to have the same behavior seen with normal astrocytes: the compound was toxic at concentrations exceeding 10 μM and no effect could be observed at the concentration corresponding to U87MG and DBTRG-05-MG IG50.
However, BIX01294 was toxic at concentrations above 4.1 μM in cellular assays and, consequently, it displayed a poor separation of functional potency and cell toxicity, which limits its use as a chemical probe.
Although essential at low concentrations, zinc, like other heavy metals, is known to be toxic at high concentrations and to have pleiotropic effects on living organisms (Plum et al., 2010).
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