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Let Y 2 ∈ ℝ N 2, be the quantized value of U2, where N2≤ M2.
Let Û be the quantized value of U. The decoder then estimates the source vector based on Û and Y.
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finally, the cluster mean is added to obtain the quantized value of by the th cluster,.
Let the quantized value of e n be (hat {e}_{n}) and the quantization error be (epsilon _{n}=e_{n}-hat {e}_{n}).
Let the quantized value of U 1, m ′ be Û 1, m ′.
Translate the quantized value into a binary bit. 3.
This two-fold change threshold was to ensure quantized values to represent minimal changes that can be reliably reproducible.
A typical steganographic application is the perturbed quantization [16]; during quantization process, for example, JPEG compression, real values have to be rounded between possible quantized values ; when lies close to the middle of an interval, one can choose between and without adding too much distortion.
The original quantized values and the simulated singly quantized values are then compared through the Histograms distances block.
The noiseless coding is fed by the quantized spectral values and uses context-dependent cumulative frequency tables derived from the two previously decoded neighboring two-tuple quantized spectral coefficients.
We use ⌊(S − δ 0 )/δ⌋, which is referred to as the quantized RSS value in this paper, instead of the adjusted RSS value (S) itself in order to increase the channel agreement probability between the AP and the user, as explained in Fig. 1.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com