AMPK is the downstream component of a kinase cascade that acts as a sensor of cellular energy charge, being activated by rising AMP coupled with falling ATP.
AMPK is the downstream component of a pathway that acts as a sensor of cellular energy charge by monitoring AMP∶ATP ratio.
Whereas the upstream components of the Hippo pathway (NF2, MST1/2, SAV1, LATS1/2, and MOB1A) are tumor suppressors, the downstream components (YAP1, TAZ and TEAD) are oncogenes [ 4].
In addition, the means by which Smo relays the status of pathway activation to the Gli proteins do not appear to be evolutionarily conserved [4], particularly the cellular microenvironment in which Smo is activated and the downstream components it interacts with.
Inactivation of TOR, which is one of the downstream components of PI3K signaling, induces autophagy (Blommaart et al. 1995).
Supporting this, a network analysis of immune signaling pathways in Drosophila found purifying selection as the predominant mode of evolution, and that this effect was greatest on the downstream components [ 55].
A recent model suggests that PI3K/AKT is the downstream signalling component of the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signalling pathway in particular [ 45].
The majority of these are likely to be downstream components of the signalling pathways that are essential regulators of involution, and thus may have a minor role to play in the overall process.
The overall statistical analysis reveals that only the combination of electron input from complexes I, II, and GPDH is able to fully saturate the downstream components of the respiratory chain.
FOXO3 has also been shown to mediate some of the downstream components of TGFβ1 signaling (Wildey and Howe, 2009), raising the possibility that earlier nuclear recovery might amplify some of the effects of TGFβ1 production.
