ILDs are further processed in complex brainstem circuitry involving the DNLL before reaching the ICs.
In rodents, systemic NO donors, have been shown to induce Fos expression in the trigeminocervical complex, brainstem and hypothalamus [37, 39].
With this method, fragile vital structures (cranial nerves, the optic complex, brainstem, hypothalamus or cerebral ventricles) are exposed to direct illumination within a closed space.
Central sensitization is the result of a complex series of changes in neuronal excitability driven by descending pathways from the brainstem, local interneurons, and glial activity (Kuner, 2010).
Neurokinin-1 receptor and μ-opioid receptor agonists affect respiratory rhythm when injected directly into the preBötzinger brainstem complex, which is the hypothesized site for respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals (Science 286 (1999 15666).
The human brainstem is a complex structure with several small nuclei and neural pathways of interest in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
35 This receptor is present in the vasculature, the TG and the spinal trigeminal complex of the brainstem and has hence been the subject of drug-discovery efforts for migraine.
Brain regions that are involved in consciousness are the cerebral cortex and thalamus, together forming the thalamocortical complex, which is regulated by the brainstem.
Microangiopathy is the possible mechanism that is involved in the occurrence of retinopathy and brainstem neuropathy.
The cochlear nucleus (CN) and superior olivary complex are auditory brainstem centers with essential roles in encoding temporal features of vocalizations, localization of sound sources and descending modulation of the cochlea.
