A single nucleotide change can be sufficient to transform a proto-oncogene into an oncogene that induces cell transformation, whereas an inhibiting mutation must affect the two alleles of a tumor suppressor gene to favor transformation [ 61].
Although mutant PIK3CA has been reported to be sufficient to transform normal cells both in vitro [44], [45], [46] and in vivo [46], [47], PIK3CA mutation exhibits a relatively low frequency in ovarian cancer (4.8 12%) [28], [29], [30], [32] as compared to other cancer types.
Moreover, heterologous expression of the RscS regulator was recently shown to be sufficient to transform a fish symbiont into a squid symbiont [ 73].
Thus, a single amino acid substitution in M COX2e can be sufficient to transform an interhelical loop sub-region into a TMH.
For example, the mere over-expression of the translation initiation factor eIF4E has been widely recognized to be sufficient to transform cells, regulating the preferential expression of specific proteins or the general translation rate [ 7, 8].
Although there are a variety of financial, technical, organizational, and cultural barriers to the widespread adoption of green chemistry practices by industry (Matus et al. 2007), addressing these barriers alone will not be sufficient to transform the chemical enterprise.
In contrast to the transformation of HMEC-DD cells, one oncogenic event is sufficient to transform Rat1-DD cells, indicated by both anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo (Ni et al., 2012).
In contrast to the transformation of HMEC-DD cells, one oncogenic event is sufficient to transform Rat1 rodent fibroblasts expressing p53DD (Rat1-DD) cells, as indicated by both anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo (Ni et al., 2012).
Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type NSD2 is sufficient to transform NSD2-/ cancer cells in vivo and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) (Kuo et al., 2011).
