Sentence examples for be substantially confounded by from inspiring English sources

Indeed, the similarity found in the present adjusted and unadjusted results indicates that the association is unlikely to be substantially confounded by known diabetes risk factors.

This analysis was restricted to teetotallers, since the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was observed to be substantially confounded by alcohol consumption.

In patients with more severe renal impairment, relationships between exposures and risk of clinically important events are likely to be substantially confounded by either disease (eg, cholesterol level) or treatment (eg, blood pressure).

This association turned out to be substantially confounded by physical strain at work, workload and job autonomy and was considerably reduced but far from being completely eliminated after adjusting for general stress as another identified risk factor of MSD and a proven strong correlate of WLC (r =.44).

Finally, we also evaluated potential confounding by consumption of fluoridated water, using a sensitivity analysis, and found that only under extreme and sometimes implausible conditions could our findings be substantially confounded by this variable [see Supplemental Material for details (online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/10947/suppl.pdf)].

On the other hand, our observations that in the same experimental setting RNFLT but not BPF were linked to the disease duration and that furthermore BPF but not RNFLT was substantially confounded by the patients' age, which is in line with previous reports [19], suggest that RNFLT is the better parameter for duration-related issues such as longitudinal monitoring in clinical trials.

By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol.

Thus, the relationship we observed between mortality and the cold spell was not likely to have been substantially confounded by the effects of air pollution.

By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol and when the analysis was restricted to non-drinkers, no association was found between smoking and breast cancer.

The relationship between EFI4 and Log-TB incidence was substantially confounded by economic, demographic and political factors, as well as by differences in health system financing and HIV prevalence within countries over time or between countries (Table 4).

However, it has been estimated that only 2% of Danish HCV infected patients have been treated with interferon, 60 and therefore we find it unlikely that the results are substantially confounded by missing data on antiviral treatment.