This association turned out to be substantially confounded by physical strain at work, workload and job autonomy and was considerably reduced but far from being completely eliminated after adjusting for general stress as another identified risk factor of MSD and a proven strong correlate of WLC (r =.44).
This analysis was restricted to teetotallers, since the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was observed to be substantially confounded by alcohol consumption.
Finally, we also evaluated potential confounding by consumption of fluoridated water, using a sensitivity analysis, and found that only under extreme and sometimes implausible conditions could our findings be substantially confounded by this variable [see Supplemental Material for details (online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/10947/suppl.pdf)].
In patients with more severe renal impairment, relationships between exposures and risk of clinically important events are likely to be substantially confounded by either disease (eg, cholesterol level) or treatment (eg, blood pressure).
Indeed, the similarity found in the present adjusted and unadjusted results indicates that the association is unlikely to be substantially confounded by known diabetes risk factors.
If such a higher mortality could be attributed to CMV or was in part secondary to CMV, then the results of severe sepsis trials could be substantially confounded from the very beginning [ 8].
The relationship between EFI4 and Log-TB incidence was substantially confounded by economic, demographic and political factors, as well as by differences in health system financing and HIV prevalence within countries over time or between countries (Table 4).
Recent studies have indicated that the effects of hospital volume are substantially confounded by surgeon volume, and that high surgeon volume (>125 per year) may be a more appropriate indicator of CABG quality.
By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol and when the analysis was restricted to non-drinkers, no association was found between smoking and breast cancer.
By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol.
