They argued that this asymmetry arises because many mutational routes to receptor modification or loss can achieve resistance, while phage infectivity requires the evolution of specific binding to the modified version of the existing receptor or to an entirely different receptor, which is likely to be subject to greater mutational constraint.
For signal transduction pathway receive signaling inputs from a number of pathways (i.e., at least two branches Sln1 and Sho1 of HOG pathway) and share single response output (MAPK module), the downstream genes are expected to be more pleiotropic, and hence be subjected to greater selective constraint than the upstream genes.
Speech-to-text "will always be subject to certain social constraints, privacy constraints.. . .
"You can't expect to benefit from the amplification and not be subject to the constraints," she says.
Poorer or less educated individuals are generally thought to have lower health status, face greater barriers to accessing health services, and be subject to tighter income constraints.
If moral judgement is a rational enterprise, it must be subject to constraints of consistency.
The nano-MRI scanner would not be subject to that constraint.
Thus, more highly expressed proteins will be subject to stronger selection for function, leading to greater constraints on protein sequence and a lower rate of protein sequence evolution.
However, while the voice constraint may be subject to systematic bias, the exit option is not.
One theory is that there are greater selective constraints on the X-linked genes than on autosomal genes, as any recessive deleterious mutations will be expressed in males and may be subject to stronger purifying selection [ 13].
Of course, this optimization is subject to constraints, the greatest of which is the fact that risk must not exceed tolerated threshold levels.
