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Thin glass specimens may be strengthened using the ion-exchange process.
Glass may be strengthened using one of several processes: temporarily reducing the severity of flaws by fire polishing or "etching" (i.e., chemical polishing); introducing surface compression by overlay glazing, thermal tempering, or ion exchange; and toughening by lamination.
More specifically, we address how threats to internal validity can be identified and reduced through statistical techniques; how construct validity may be strengthened using state records to measure the outcomes; and how external validity is affected by including or excluding study participants.
Therefore, responsible parenting should be strengthened using the capacities of educational institutions and civil society organizations, in particular parents' organizations.
However, despite the name, it is not yet known if these areas can be strengthened using standard osteoporosis drugs, which slow down the natural destruction of bone cells.
The study could be strengthened using triangulation methods, extending to perhaps a questionnaire, and including the women in further discussions of the themes through focus groups.
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After fire exposure, five slabs were strengthened using two or three layers of the strengthening systems.
Small, 300 mm wide × 900 mm long, slabs were strengthened using one 150 × 500 × 20 mm ECC strip.
Before testing, four defected beams were strengthened using hybrid system of both EB-CFRP strips and sheets with different configurations.
Another precast specimen similar to the control one was strengthened using bolted steel plates within the connection region.
To improve the performance of the wall, the RC shear wall is strengthened using externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets.
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