Moreover, recent studies in mouse myoblasts have showed that TIEG1 can be stimulated by both pathways: myostatin and TGF-β signalling [50].
In contrast, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines is known to be stimulated by PS-dependent pathways [16].
In chondrocytes, the production of ePPi was also reported to be stimulated by PKC-dependent pathways [ 37], which are known to be activated by TGF-β1 [ 40].
Our data indicate that α2 Na,K-ATPase remains in the membrane and is able to be stimulated by other regulatory pathways including its interaction with the nAChR.
As the hypoxia signature was more frequent in GMP-positive tumours, GMP formation might be stimulated by hypoxia-related pathways, like HIF-1α activation and increased VEGF expression.
As cAMP activates different signaling cascades via PKA such as CREB, L-type Ca2+channels and MAP kinase pathways, the distinct time-dependent differential regulation of candidate genes is likely to be stimulated by those different downstream pathways.
Furthermore, the stimulation of the insulin-like growth factor system may be subject to a placental protein that is highly expressed early in pregnancy, the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPPA) [42], which can be stimulated by stress-activated signaling pathways [43].
STAR-PAP activity can be stimulated by stress-induced signalling pathways.
Of note, NFκB can also be stimulated by growth factor signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, suggesting an intricate interplay between ER, NFκB, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in mediating resistance to endocrine therapy.
NO synthase, which can be stimulated by NRG-1/ErbB signal pathway, may also be involved in myocardial fibrosis.
