The efficacy of screening by mammography has been shown in randomised controlled trials in women aged 50 years and older, but is less clear in younger women.
Its efficacy as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancers (MCRC) has been shown in randomised trials (Twelves, 2002).
The clinical implication of our findings remain limited, as widespread vitamin D supplementation can be recommended only after benefit is shown in randomised intervention trials.
5 Self-measurement of blood pressure (BP) has been shown in randomised controlled trials to reduce BP over and above standard care.
However, the efficacy of psychological interventions has been shown in randomised controlled trails, therefore suggesting that these changes could denote real treatment effects.
Adalimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against TNFα, has been shown in randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials to be effective for the induction and maintenance of remission and to achieve mucosal healing in patients with moderately to severely active CD.
Increased activity with some combinations has been shown in randomised trials, but often in selected groups and it is not certain that the benefit will translate into improved survival [ 38].
The effectiveness of these approaches in eradicating HGD and reducing the risk of progression to cancer has been shown in randomised controlled trials (Overholt et al, 2007; Shaheen et al, 2009).
Adjuvant chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after complete surgical removal of the primary tumour has been shown in randomised trials to decrease the risk of disease relapse (Wolmark et al, 1988; Laurie et al, 1989).
Capecitabine monotherapy has been shown in randomised studies to be at least equivalent to bolus 5FU in terms of response rate, time to tumour progression, and overall survival (OS) for previously untreated metastatic CRC (Hoff et al, 2001; Van Cutsem et al, 2001).
