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Using a homogeneous discrete time Markov Chain (Tij = P{Xn+1 = j|Xn = i}) [35] we determined that 16 clones needed to be sequenced to visualize all four alleles with a confidence interval of 96%.
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It is possible, for small sequences, to visualize the four inter-nucleotide distance sequences, as exemplified in Figure 1 for gene gi|33286443|ref|NM_032427.1 from H.sapiens.
All PCR-products and clones were sequenced in both directions and visualized on an ABI 3730 sequencer.
For example, ACT [ 1] and Circos [ 9] use lines to connect regions of sequence similarity between sequence ideograms, and can thus be used to visualize sequence rearrangements.
Tools that can be used to visualize sequence conservation in conjunction with other sequence characteristics, such as functional classifications and nucleotide composition, are particularly popular [ 1- 3].
The clones were sequenced using the standard ABI sequencing protocol with BigDye 3.1 terminator kit, and sequences were visualized on an ABI 3100.
The Perl and R libraries can also be used to visualize sequence logos.
IGV2.0 viewer was used to visualize sequence reads mapped to the reference genome.
Sequence logos were used to visualize the representation of each base at each position of the USS (Figs. 4 and 5) [ 33].
Sequence logos [31] were made to visualize i) to what extent a position in a sequence is conserved (given by the height of a bar, i.e. the information content) and ii) which amino acids are most frequently found at a particular position (the height of each amino acid in the logo is proportional to the frequency of occurrence at that position).
In addition, the Merck Millipore DART tool [59] was used to visualize the sequence-based kinome tree as defined by Manning et al.[5] Kinases were colored based on the classification of kinase groups as defined by the sequence-based tree [5].
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