The limited number of known moonlighting proteins is mainly because secondary functions of proteins are usually found unexpectedly by experiments.
The ability to reduce chromate also seems to be a secondary function of several NAD(P H:flavin oxidoreductases, such as some nitroreductases and ferric reductase [ 62].
The variable effects seen might be due to secondary functions of specific Atg genes, specialized functions in different organs, tissues, or developmental stages.
By contrast, our data instead suggest that other phenotypic effects of GANP depletion could be secondary consequences of the function of GANP in mRNA export.
This would mean that IAP binding is a secondary function of these proteins and they may route through other pathways of apoptosis induction where caspase activity is only auxiliary to their apoptogenic potential.
In other words, resistance is a secondary function of a trait evolved in response to some other biotic or abiotic pressure [ 18, 38].
Those data suggest that this aspect of the phenotype was not due to increased Aβ production, and may be secondary to some form of loss of function of gamma-secretase.
In pre-eclampsia, Th1 dominance develops together with an increased inflammatory response towards the fetus (Saito and Sakai, 2003; Sargent et al., 2006a), raising the question of whether this might be secondary to impaired function or decreased numbers of Treg cells.
Other parameters, such as stem cell loss and differentiation can be secondary effects or reflecting other functions of the gene (for example, E-cadherin is involved in GSC-hub adhesion).
Similar to effects in the mouse model of colitis44, the actions of DMOG in the endometrium appear to be secondary to improved epithelial function, with reepithelialisation of the denuded surface a major contribution to the improved histological repair scores.
