Thus, only spacers that are advantageous to the organism would be retained over long periods of time.
Arguably, the most productive paradigm has been "conservation implies function": in the face of ongoing mutation, only functional genomic features maintained by purifying selection will be retained over long evolutionary times (although for exceptions to this paradigm and a contrasting discussion, see Monroe 2009; Alexander et al. 2010).
How to organize refresher training so that skills are retained over long periods of time?
However, a 'closed' constructional plan is also a feature of the internalized secondary growth of plant organs (in trees, for example) though, here, dead cells (woody fibers and tracheids, bark) are retained over long periods within the plant body.
Whether because phenotypic plasticity is retained over long periods of evolutionary time or metamorphosis versus paedomorphosis is repeatedly selected for, members of the E. tynerensis group represent a clear example of evolutionary developmental change in vertebrates attributable to differences in habitat microstructure.
The Canadian psychologist Endel Tulving has demonstrated that, while information may be retained over a long period of time, there is no guarantee it will be retrieved precisely when it is needed.
Our results indicated that tandem duplication was the predominant contributor to the expansion of the soybean EXLA subfamily and 74% genes in EXLB that were involved in tandem duplication, and may be retained over a long evolutionary period.
While the assessment of longer-term reinforcement was beyond the study's scope, other research regarding the long-term reinforcement of communication skills has suggested that communication skills may be retained over longer periods of time.
The learning characteristics of LPS in contrary to the surgical competence do not require constant supervision from a highly skilled surgeon but relies on repetitive practise, and once gained, these abilities are retained over a long period of time (unpublished observations) [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Further studies are warranted to determine whether skills are retained over the long term.
Phylogenetic analysis of the R2R3-MYB family in Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis revealed the conserved organization of this family, which further indicates that R2R3-MYB family members from various plants underwent gene duplication events with a common origin and were retained over a long period by each genome.
