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Furthermore, complete absence of Utx completely abolishes the ability of somatic cells to be reprogrammed back to the ground state of pluripotency (Mansour et al, 2012).
In addition, a few studies have demonstrated that a small fraction of mouse SSCs can be reprogrammed back to embryonic stem-like cells [ 5- 9].
However, mature cells can be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state by artificially introducing certain proteins (known as 'reprogramming factors') into the mature cells.
In another scenario, for which the term "personalized pluripotent cells" has been coined, people could use their own somatic cells to be reprogrammed back to the pluripotent cell state [ 3].
As if this were not enough, iPSCs may also tell us something about the process of human aging, given that 100-year-old fibroblasts can be reprogrammed back to an embryonic state (17).
Cells from patients with serious diseases can be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state and then taken forward again into the cells that were lost during the disease (Fig. 1).
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Scientists are hopeful that a relatively new field of research in which mature skin cells are reprogrammed back to an embryonic-like state will ultimately make it unnecessary to destroy embryos, but that day is not here.
It should be noted that reprogramming in the absence of instructive TFs is likely only possible when cells are being reprogrammed back to pluripotency, as trans-differentiation would ultimately depend on the presence of lineage specifying TFs.
These domains can more easily be reprogrammed back than pluripotency "indicator" EtoL domains.
In fact, LIN28 has only been recently implicated in human somatic cell reprogramming back to the pluripotent state [ 21], indicating its importance in ES cells.
The ideal shunt has a valve and can be reprogrammed to regulate the drainage.
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