Data were represented as differences between threshold cycle values (ΔCT) for the transcripts of interest and the internal standard, β-actin.
Reasoning ability was measured by LPS3, executive functioning is represented as difference of execution times between TMTA and TMTB, working memory was assessed by BZT, processing speed by ZST, verbal memory by VLMT and divided attention by negative execution time (−d3mdg) of TAP.
It was hypothesized that greater attention to the acoustical feedback of the voice and increased control of the vocal musculature during register transitions compared with singing within a register would be represented as neurological differences in event-related potentials.
Overall effect sizes will be represented as mean differences with 95% credible intervals (CrI) for continuous outcome data and as ORs with 95% CrI for dichotomous outcome data.
Letting A be the proposition "John was at the crime scene", and E1,…,En the corresponding reports, this intuitive difference can be represented as the difference between two testimonial systems: S = {⟨E1,A⟩,…, ⟨E2,A⟩} and S′ = {⟨E1,A⟩}.
In PathMiner [52], each compound is similarly described as a set of 145 chemical descriptors (based on atoms/bond information), and reactions are represented as vector differences.
All data are represented as mean±S.E.M. Differences between samples were analyzed using Student's t-test.
Differences in elasticity were represented as the difference between Isolated tributary values and Open system values for each matrix entry.
A function defined on a Banach space X is called Δ-convex if it can be represented as a difference of two continuous convex functions.
It is well known that certain discrete- and continuous-time stochastic processes have autocovariance functions which can be represented as linear difference or delay-differential equations (see, e.g., Küchler and Mensch [3]).
