Following either tandem or segmental duplication events, one of the duplicated genes can be rendered non-functional via the accumulation of deleterious mutations [6].
These results show that there is abnormal p27KIP1 expression in DLBCL, with adverse clinical significance, suggesting that this anomalous p27KIP1 protein may be rendered non-functional through interaction with other cell cycle regulator proteins.
Even if it could not be excluded that the coding sequence could also contain miRNA target sequences that are functional in translation regulation, they would most likely be rendered non-functional by traversing ribosomes during translation.
To identify a possible role of miR-122 in translation regulation and tissue tropism of HCV, we focused our analysis on the three potential target sequences for miR-122 in the non-coding regions of HCV, as target sequences in the polyprotein-coding region can be expected to be rendered non-functional by traversing ribosomes during translation.
Firstly, the tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 is drastically reduced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Grb2 or expressing a functionally impaired Grb2 protein in which its SH2 domain has been rendered non-functional by the E89K knock-in mutation [ 60].
To test these particular structural variants in model animals, accurate genome editing is required to produce equivalent mutations to human variants rather than producing only simple KO models where entire coding genes are rendered non-functional.
Most loci are rendered non-functional by mutations, but several intact retroviral genes are known in mammalian genomes.
On the other hand, only a limited number of LINEs and LTR elements are full-length; many of which are rendered non-functional due to point mutations and deletions [4].
FtsK subunits were rendered non-functional by mutation in the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket.
The synthetic lethality relationship appears when the product of gene X is rendered non-functional by the action of the drug.
Therefore it seems well conceivable that many genes, including SLC1A8 and SLC1A9, may have been rendered non-functional during these rearrangement events.
