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First characterized as a nuclear DNA-binding protein that modifies the interactions of transcription factors with DNA (Thomas and Travers, 2001), HMGB1 was later found to be released actively from monocytes in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (Gardella et al., 2002).
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In line with its multiple roles it can be located in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm and can even be released passively by necrotic cells or actively secreted in response to inflammatory signals by certain cell types [ 83, 84].
They are found to be released via apoptotic or necrotic cells, and be actively secreted by living cells [ 1, 2].
After a period of development, thousands of free-swimming infective cercariae are released, which actively seek out and penetrate a new human host, where they develop into adults.
For example, HMGB1, an endogenous ligand for TLR2 and TLR4, is released both actively and passively by injured cells [ 29].
Cercariae are released to water and actively invade the mucosae or skin of the fish becoming encysted (metacercariae) in their muscles and soft tissues.
It is postulated that the miRNAs are released into circulation either actively by the tumor cells or passively as a result of tumor cell death and lysis [ 28].
Onboard research indicates extremely low rates of unintended catch, and almost all undersize swordfish are released alive because the fishermen actively watch for bites and quickly release "short" fish.
MPs are released membrane vesicles that are actively involved in normal physiology and numerous diseases (VanWijk et al. 2003).
HMGB1 is a DNA-binding nuclear protein that is released passively during cell death or actively following cytokine stimulation.
This article reports that methotrexate is released by the photochemical mechanism in an actively controlled manner.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com