Gene expression at the level of mRNA transcription from DNA is regulated through different mechanisms, the most widely studied being regulation by transcription factors (TFs).
We conclude that these two intracellular pools of Bcl-2 are regulated through different mechanisms and only the cytokine-mediated regulation of the mitochondrial pool is relevant to the control of the initiation of apoptosis.
However, pluripotency and differentiation is regulated through different pathways in murine and human cells, which is reflected by different marker expression and response to signaling molecules of mESCs versus hESCs (reviewed in [22]).
These findings suggest, but do not definitely prove, that iNOS expression and activity in β-cells is regulated through different or partially different mechanisms after long-term exposure to palmitate vs glucose.
These genes are regulated through different mechanisms that provide a method of classification.
Moreover, these results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that inflammatory and permeability responses in this model are regulated through different mechanisms (e.g., Cho et al. 2007).
As Alu and LINE-1 are regulated through different mechanisms (Gonzalgo and Jones 1997) and have different transcription patterns in response to cellular stressors (Li and Schmid 2001), different associations with POPs are possible.
The expression levels of five representative defense genes that are regulated through different defense signaling pathways and three marker genes for pathogen-associated molecular patterns-triggered immunity (PTI) were analyzed and compared between the pTRV2-SlSR1 and pTRV2-SlSR3L-infiltrated plants and the pTRV2-GUS-infiltrated plants.
Overall, F-FDG uptake in malignancies reflects multifactorial mechanisms of increased metabolic activity and glucose utilization, performed by glucose transporters and enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, which in turn are regulated through different signaling pathways triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimulators.
This suggests that metastases development might be regulated through mechanisms different from traditional oncogenic signaling, and instead adopted to the tumor plasticity typical for metastatic cascades.
Further, this gene acquisition can be regulated through quorum sensing, possibly even between different species (Antonova & Hammer, 2011; Zhu & Li, 2012).
