But when we analyzed the miRNA expression profile of CNE and four other VEGF-expressing cell lines, we found that only some of these miRNAs could be involved in VEGF regulation, and that VEGF may be regulated by different miRNAs that were differentially chosen from 96 putative regulatory miRNAs of VEGF in different cells.
This group of genes showed more modest changes in gene induction or repression (circa 1.5 to 2-fold difference) and may therefore be regulated by different mechanisms.
Because of these differences, human minisatellites may be regulated by different factors than those associated with the ade2 -min3 allele, a short minisatellite with identical repeat units.
Furthermore, a single miRNA could target multiple mRNAs, and most mRNAs can be regulated by different miRNAs, hence bringing enormous complexity to the regulation of gene expression.
Moreover, the same set of effector genes can be regulated by different combinations of transcription factors, as shown recently for regulation of dopamine pathway genes in different subtypes of dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans (Doitsidou et al., 2013).
Based on the fact that TRPML1 can be regulated by different pH, Ca2+ concentration and phosphoinositides, we propose a combined regulation mechanism according to the structures of mTRPML1 in lipid nanodiscs and Amphipols.
Species with different size and mobility can be regulated by different processes at the same spatial scale, a principle that may contribute to diversity.
These results suggest that flower development and root growth can be regulated by different downstream pathways of AXR1-mediated jasmonate signaling, and that the inactivity of AXR1 can lead to the increasing efficiency of AXL1-mediated jasmonate signaling.
Each of these protein kinases can be the component of more than one MAP kinase cascade, and the same signal or biological activity may be regulated by different MAP kinase cascades or cross-linked MAP kinase cascades (Rasmussen et al. 2012).
However, because a single miRNA can target multiple genes and multiple miRNAs can target a single gene, miR-181b may have multiple different targets in addition to PDCD4, and PDCD4 may be regulated by different miRNAs in addition to miR-181b.
In addition to the miR393-mediated regulation of auxin receptors, the expression of several Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) is known to be regulated by different miRNAs in plants (Khraiwesh et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2014) Among them are miR160 (targeting ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17) and miR167 (targeting ARF6 and ARF8) (Rhoades et al. 2002).
