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In an attempt to explain the mis-regulation of both Wif1 and Axin2 which can be regulated by components of the BMP/TGFβpathway [ 21, 22], qRT-PCR analysis of components and targets of this pathway was performed.
A growing number of ion channels have been shown to be regulated by components of the lipid membranes [4] [8], [10], [11], [13], [19] [21], and previous studies have indicated that cholesterol can inhibit both mammalian and bacterial Kir channel currents [7], [19], [20].
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Based on these results, we hypothesized that GLAST-dependent glutamate uptake by astrocytes is regulated by components of the molecular circadian clock.
The increase in the mitochondrial volume in Akt2-ablated cells could be due to an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, which is regulated by components of the AMPK, FoxO, and nitric oxide pathways [45] [47].
We also show that this nuclear anchoring is regulated by components of the Wnt pathway and SRC-1 that functions in MES-1 signaling.
In the current study, we have investigated the effect of different ECM proteins relevant to liver fibrosis on activation state and Cygb expression in hepatic stellate cells and shown for the first time that Cygb expression is regulated by components of the ECM and that this is mediated by changes in integrin signalling.
The specificity upstream of the core module may be regulated by additional components like scaffold proteins that help bring the specific components of the MAPK machinery together or keep various components from interacting with each other.
Additional complications in regulation patterns arise from the complexity of transcription factor pathways, in which targets may be regulated by clock components directly or through interactions with their transcription factors.
Special problems are posed by the practice of using internal ribosome entry sequences (IRESs) as tools to figure out how translation might be regulated by other components.
Its ability to expeditiously repair wounds is paramount to survival and is thought to be regulated by wound components such as differentiated cells, stem cells, cytokine networks, extracellular matrix, and mechanical forces.
The bioactivity of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to be regulated by some components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), but the possibility that it might be regulated by collagen, the richest ECM component, has never been previously reported.
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