Another particularity of T. brucei is that ether PE and diacyl PE are produced by distinct enzymes, the ethanolamine-specific phosphotransferase TbEPT and the choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase TbCEPT, respectively [55].
The fact that neutralization of IL-10 had a much stronger effect on the reduction of IL-17 production than on the IFN-γ secretion supports the notion that both cytokines are produced by distinct T cell subtypes during B. pertussis infection [47].
3 The outputs of the activities were produced by distinct inputs.
In addition to CCSP, other members of the SCGB protein family, specifically SCGB3A1 and SCGB3A2, are produced by distinct populations of Clara cells and are proposed to regulate local immune responses within the lung [ 10].
Pertinently, we observed that IL-17 and IL-22 are produced by distinct populations of cells in the MRL/ lpr mouse, with typically at the time of culling only 1 2% of IL-22+ cells in LNs producing IL-17 in response to ex vivo stimulation with PMA/ionomycin.
Because A. melvillei reproduces both sexually and asexually, we used GenClone to estimate the probability that n (where n = 1, 2, 3… i) copies of a multilocus genotype were produced by distinct episodes of sexual reproduction, Psex (Arnaud-Haond and Belkhir, 2007).
Despite their proposed function in root nodule formation (Imin et al. 2013), and the phenotypic similarities between nodules and galls, this suggests either a role unrelated to gall formation for these peptides or that superficially morphologically similar galls are produced by distinct means in different PPNs.
The remaining challenge is to match a sign or symptom to a mechanism, but a sign or symptom could potentially be produced by several distinct mechanisms [ 19, 20].
ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways used to generate energy in eukaryotic organisms are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, both components of cellular respiration; and beta-oxidation.
