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These architectural features may be presented to cells across multiple length scales, from nanometers to millimeters in size.
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However, increasing evidence suggests that the context that biomolecules are presented to cells (e.g., as soluble verses tethered signals) can influence their bioactivity.
Current methods in nanotoxicity studies often report only the exposure dose, which can lead to large variations in the intrinsic or delivered dose due to inhomogeneous exposure and loss of treatment material depending on how NMs are "presented" to cells.
We hypothesized that the chemically linked agonists were presented to cells in a local manner that provided enhanced activation.
Sequential treatment was most effective when cells received AUY for ∼12 h and when SCH was presented to cells immediately after AUY removal.
The uptake-enhancing effect was retained when the lipid and drug were presented to cells after each other, with extensive washing in between.
This complex could then be presented to T cells by particular HLA molecules, resulting in an inappropriate local T-cell response and cellular damage.
Since endothelial cells express MHC-I and II, degraded viral antigens could then be presented to immune cells to elicit an adaptive immune response [16], [17].
After immunization, the availability of antigens at site of immunization to be presented to T-cells by antigen presenting cells is significantly higher compared with the antigen concentration within the CNS in consecutive restimulations.
However, it is not known how LV-encoded antigens continue to be presented to T cells once directly transduced DCs have turned over.
Therefore, the peptide appeared to be presented to T cells via both MHC class I and II molecules.
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