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In contrast, the second sites may differ on different family members and may be phosphorylated by different protein kinases.
Calmodulin is a multifunctional calcium-dependent messenger protein that can be phosphorylated by different types of kinases, including IR (Laurino et al., 1988; Sacks and McDonald, 1988; Wong et al., 1988; Sacks et al., 1989; Sacks and McDonald, 1989; Sacks et al., 1992).
IκB may be phosphorylated by different upstream kinase cascades called IKK1/IKKα and IKK2/IKKβ, after which IκB is ubiquinated and releases NFκB (Fig. 1).
It has been shown that PPAR γ may be phosphorylated by different kinases including AMPK, which can modulate PPAR γ activity.
Different substrates may be phosphorylated by different kinases to provide another layer of control, and the activity of the E3 ligase itself is often regulated by phosphorylation [ 105].
It was shown recently that animal tubulin can be phosphorylated by different systems of cyclic nucleotide-dependent (cAMP- and cGMP-dependent) protein kinases, Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (including Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent and Ca2+-dependent, phospholipid-stimulated types of enzymes), casein kinases and tyrosine kinases, too [ 2, 3].
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Complementary to the downstream rewiring NAMs, we next investigated whether mutations could also cause upstream rewiring (i.e., when a substrate is, due to the impact of a mutation, being phosphorylated by different upstream kinases) by perturbing phosphorylation motifs on the substrate.
It is phosphorylated by different kinases in response to different signaling pathways and the phosphorylation states determine both its export to the nucleus and its ability to inhibit Pol III.
In contrast, DAC is phosphorylated by different kinases and is incorporated solely into DNA [6].
Vimentin is phosphorylated by different protein kinases at several sites.
These sites are phosphorylated by different kinases in the MAPK pathway, the ERK and RSK, respectively [ 13, 14].
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